A little application of the model

Just briefly. See if you can figure out why I would describe the following groups in these terms:

Democratic Party platform: Animal, Modernistic, Monistic

Republican Party platform: Tribal, Modernistic, Monotheist

Catholic Church: Classical, Postmodern, Monotheist

Taoism/Confucianism: Classical, Premodern, Monistic

Third Reich: Tribal, Modernistic, Monistic

Islamic terrorists: Tribal, Premodern, Monotheistic

Orthodox Church: Classical, Premodern, Monotheist

Louvain Faculty of Philosophy: Classical, Postmodern, Monist/Monotheist (varies)

Forms of humanity?

Here is some idle speculation. I was ruminating the other day about whether history, the rise and fall of cultures, and evolving ideology might be explainable in terms of forms and an array of spectra. Again, I know the dangers of spectrum thinking, but it has its place.

Thinking back on my philosophy and theology studies (and reflecting on my recent crash course on world religions), it seems that humanity is alternatively pulled in a number of different cultural/ideological directions--but a finite number. In fact, a relatively small number. I have no pretensions to the discovery of laws. But if I could play the armchair anthropologist for a moment, I might delineate these directions thusly:

Value Orientation:
Animal - Individual
Tribal - Group
Classical - Universal

Intellectual Orientation:
Premodern - Undifferentiated Inclusive
Modernism - Differentiated Exclusive
Postmodern - Differentiated Inclusive

Ultimate Orientation:
Mythos - Animistic
Monism - Mystical
Monotheism - Religious

I believe that this model may be somewhat adequate to describe cultures, movements, ideologies, religions--virtually any shared lebenswelt, no matter the size, purpose, duration--understanding that such delineations are more or less artificial in themselves.

A note on "modernity". I have a very specific understanding of the term. It includes the following features:

• The elimination of teleology and analogy from the sphere of science, i.e., as sources of true knowledge that is binding across individuals.
  
• The development and absolutization of a general method of acquiring knowledge based on observation and organization of data.
• The cultural absorption of this epistemology and the dramatic response to it. Note that much of what is called "post-modernity" retains essentially modernistic epistemology; it is only the ambivalent disavowal of certainty within the same framework.

What I call "Postmodern" rejects modernity's rejections--it affirms the validity of teleology and analogy as sources of true knowledge, while at the same time retaining the contributions and insights of modernity.

Also, a note on the "Ultimate Orientation". I borrowed Ratzinger's differentiation of religions that can be found in his Truth and Tolerance, but I adapted it. Ratzinger claimed that, from mythical consciousness, a civilization may develop in three different directions: the monotheistic, the "mystical" (i.e. monist), or the rationalistic. I would suggest that the only difference between the rationalistic (read: atheist, irreligious, skeptical) and the mystical (monist) tendencies are whether the society has adapted an exclusive (modernist) or an inclusive (premodern/postmodern) epistemology.

My adaptation does involve an anachronism, since according to Ratzinger, post-mythical Rome was rationalist; the stories of the gods were considered "useful" rather than "true". Ancient Rome was already applying a sort of "Ockham's Razor" to the validity of the Odyssey and the Illiad. But I see no problem in suggesting that Descartes and his modernist heirs were preceded by skeptics who were their primordial archetypes.

I understand that this post is sketchy and disorganized. These notes are for my own recording.

Irony:

In the old days, you kept romantic relationships casual and light by not having sex. Today, the opposite is true: declaring your abstinence before a woman makes her think you're moving waaaay too fast. How did that happen?

When sex became ripped from its original home (nestled among marriage and family) and treated like just another dating activity, it completely lost its status (for some people) as the single most profound thing that two people can share with each other on this earth and in this life. The underlying secular assumption is that sex belongs to the same category of human activities as eating, sleeping, and excreting. This contributes not only to the image of celibates as freaks but also lends credence to the prejudice that we're chomping at the bit to fulfill "biological imperatives".

Tell a woman you're "waiting" for marriage, and she assumes you're waiting impatiently. Cue decades of comittment anxieties and stereotypes of religious people, and you've already been written off as four walls short of a YFZ cultist and a warden of the domestic prison.

All of this leads to another irony, namely, that premarital sex has become the litmus test to ensure that someone isn't too comitted, i.e., that they're just as terrified of permanence as you are, and that they buy into the same cultural trivialization of sex as you do. So now sex has come to mean virtually the opposite of its original, natural message. No longer, "I give myself to you wholly and without reservations," wordlessly pulsing in and through the sexual rythm. Now: "I am helpless to resist you, but I give only what I must, and I withold everything that might lead to an inconvenience, or to something [shudder] permanent." Zero public unity, technologically frustrated fertility, a single, isolated act without reprocussions, differing from picking each other's noses only in the degree of endorphins released.

In a society where people will abandon their bodies to each other before they exchange names, it is lost on most women I've encountered that I believe in caution and patience when it comes to life's big decisions. I'm the last person who would hastily wed for the purpose of fulfilling "biological imperatives." I'm as much a comittment-o-phobe as anyone. But I refuse to despair of the unique happiness accessible only to long-wed, faithfully married couples, and to exchange that promise for a cheap and temporary substitute, robbing a potential future wife the status of my one and only.

Update, summer goals, and other brick-o-brack

There are a lot of things happening in my subjective corner of the world, so perhaps it is worth a semi-biographical update. This summer is going to be extremely busy for me. Unfortunately, it hasn't started yet. I know! the high school I work at ends and begins a month later than most colleges I know about.

A. Reconnecting with God. I need a kick in the butt when it comes to church involvement. I've been hanging on for dear life, and apart from old bad habits, I haven't compromised any of my Catholic values. But I haven't exactly striven for excellence, either. When I become mindful of God, the first fact that confronts me is my horrible inadequacy. My prayers always beg God to overlook their unworthiness. I have an acedia that is old and big and heavy, and the burnout of trying unsuccessfully to fight it while in the seminary has turned into a sort of embittered complacency. I've lost the war against my own torpor. Maybe I'll declare a new one, but I'm tired, and I don't care as much as I used to. Two scripture verses rise up to condemn me: Galatians 6:9 and Revelation 6:13. But others offer me hope. Ezekiel 37, and Luke 4:18-21. But the hopeful passages represent a hope in God, not a hope in myself. God has sent me the invitation, and I need to at least RSVP.

B. Reconnecting with friends. Thanks to Facebook, I have been contacted and "friended" by dozens of friends from the seminary and from high school. Unfortunately, I just found out that I missed Fr. Nick Parker's priesthood ordination. GUILT. Nick, I am so sorry, I've been so absorbed in things here I didn't even think to check my calendar. I could have taken days off to come and see you, and I did not. But I would like to take a week out and visit friends from the seminary. As well, I have the ordination of my own former 'diocesan brothers' to think about. Basically I need to get my butt back into Facebook and see who I can reasonably visit, within the boundaries of time and budget. Facebook is a wonderful tool for people like me who tend to drop off the face of the earth; I should stop neglecting it.

C. Getting healthy (especially teeth). I need to schedule appointments with dentists, doctors, and therapists to make sure that I have all of my bodily ducks in a row.

D. Getting skilled/certified. Now that I'm almost done being a teaching, I need to go back to being a student. I'll be collecting lots of important pieces of paper in the next months, including: A+ computer tech certificate, GRE completion, SEI completion, motorcycle license, Diocesan ministry certificate, etc.

E. Planning the new year. No more over-night frenetic planning sessions for me. My second year of teaching is going to be smooth and exciting. I do not want to miss this opportunity to lay out the year, establish a limited set of goals and a series of small, achievable steps to reach them, and to take those steps.

F. Satisfying more material concupiscence. I used my "economic stimulus package" check to buy a 37" Westinghouse LCD monitor (it's a TV without a coaxial cable input, but I achieved a work-around by connecting a coaxial via an old VCR from Good Will). I also managed to pick up a couch, a nice dinner table (free), and possibly, soon, a free recliner. I'm turning my dark little cave of an apartment into a welcome place for guests and gatherings. The last piece of the puzzle at this point is that my walls are still bare.

There's also the video game itch. The biggest itch right now is to be able to play World of Warcraft, which I enjoyed on my ancient (2001) Dell system for the 10-day demo, and now would like to get into more extensively. Considering that the only game I play on my XBox anyway is Oblivion, and it is available on the PC (with downloadable mods!), the XBox is doomed to be replaced with a halfway decent gaming PC. The other major itch is the Wii + Mario Kart and Smash Brothers. The Gamecube versions of these games were staples of my seminary entertainment repertoire.

The last item I've been long contemplating is a motor scooter (hence the motorcycle license above). At the time that I replaced my car, a hybrid vehicle was simply out of my means; unfortunately, even a car with 26mpg in the city is painful to fill up for $160 a month. At that rate, a $4-grand motor scooter would pay for itself after a couple of years, prolong the life and value of the car, take the cost equation out of inner city travel, etc.

G. The dating game. For the last month and a half or so, I've been actively dating. So far, I've made a few good friends, including one who has become very dear to me, but so far I haven't met anyone with much romantic potential. My wise younger brother reminds me that if I go back to grad school theology full time, I'll be surrounded by pretty, like-minded Catholic women. This provides a good amount of caution against becoming too attached to somebody right now. Still, love and relationships can be an unpredictable thing. Last Saturday I had Thai food with a girl who enjoys video games, science fiction, and talking about religion. She also plays the cello, digs the "goth" style, and, oh yeah, is really, really pretty. So far, she seems to have her head screwed on more or less tightly. Always a plus. And yet nothing is ever that simple. Sigh.

So that's what's going with me in a nutshell. I have a week left of exams to take care of, and a few days the following week up cleaning up after myself before I am finally and irrevocably free. Say a prayer for me that my summer follows God's will.

On the homosexuality thing

I am not above engaging in typical blog behavior and weighing in on current events. The California supreme court declared that laws prohibiting gay marriage violate the California constitional right to marriage. Specifically, the statement goes:

Furthermore, in contrast to earlier times, our state now recognizes that an individual’s capacity to establish a loving and long-term committed relationship with another person and responsibly to care for and raise children does not depend upon the individual’s sexual orientation, and, more generally, that an individual’s sexual orientation — like a person’s race or gender — does not constitute a legitimate basis upon which to deny or withhold legal rights. We therefore conclude that in view of the substance and significance of the fundamental constitutional right to form a family relationship, the California Constitution properly must be interpreted to guarantee this basic civil right to all Californians,whether gay or heterosexual, and to same-sex couples as well as to opposite-sex couples.

Where do I begin? If I was going to analyze this from a Catholic point of view, I would have to break down the relevant issues into a list--for there are several. Those issues do not form a single conglomerate, but belong to different major groups. The biggest questions would be those concerning:

1. The relationship between morality, law, and public values.
2. The origin and nature of the "right to privacy" and the role of government in legislating matters that have private dimensions and public ramifications.
3. The precise reasons for special cultural and/or religious opposition to homosexual behavior.
4. The public ramifications of homosexuality (a) as open and practiced, (b) as defining unions that become the center of a family in charge of raising children, and (c) as recognized on equal terms with heterosexuality as a basis for marriage.
5. The role of the Supreme Court, and the instruments it uses, in determining the conformity of legislation to a constitution.
6. How homosexuality fits within the context of civil rights, and whether it has distinctive characteristics in this context.
7. The definition of marriage, the definition of the "right to marry", and the public qualities of marriage as distinct from concrete legal priviledges granted to couples as such.

Obama and elitism

I have been amused by the debate about whether Barack Obama is an elitist. The debate usually goes something like this: "He said that people cling to religion and guns and provincialism because they're bitter." "Obama had the most humble origins of any of the three major candidates; it's ludicrous to call him elitist."

Where I fall in this debate is, actually, closer to those call him an elitist. But Barack's is not the elitism of a character flaw or the elitism of the upper class. No, it is the elitism of the university. And properly speaking, it is not elitism at all (any more than Catholic doctrine on the nature and purpose of sex is "homophobic"). It would be more accurate do describe Obama as a faithful adherent to doctrines prescribed and having a powerful hold over western university culture.

Such doctrines, which echo through the halls of sociology faculties and across the fields of student newspapers and demonstrations, are bound to view the human race as a curious creature more often governed by simple impulse than by reason or scientific truth--that is, after all, why Bush was elected for two terms. And religion itself, in any traditional sense, is more likely to be praised (if at all) for the sociological benefits it provides "simple people" than for opening the door to eternal life.

Now, Barack Obama is a Christian, and I believe, a sincere one. In fact I might regard him the most Christian of the three major candidates. But this doesn't change the fact that he already belonged to another religion before his sincere conversion--the religion of the university. And so, I suspect, his perspective will always draw a line between his Christianity, governed by the "pure reason" of his academic background, and the Christianity of the "bitter people".

Obama talks a great deal about religion. For once I would like to hear him talk theology. That's different. Mr. Obama, why do you believe that the execution of a Jewish man by Roman authorities in ancient Palestine means that you have access to eternal life because you were dunked in water and have a few opinions you call "faith"? That's the question I would like to hear Obama answer.

On romance and passion

People will continue to differ on this issue, but lately I've come to the mind that romantic relationships are not merely "friends+". We have our friends, and there comes a time when we hunger for a connection which is not only more intimate, but essentially different from the "bowling team". There is a post on this blog--as yet unpublished--which looks into the nature of loneliness. There I suggest that loneliness is a hunger which can be fed equally well by deep friendships as with romance, just as physical hunger can be sated by salads as well as steaks. Thus, celibacy is not a sexual starvation as it is a relational vegetarianism. But now I wonder whether this does not oversimplify the matter. Passion is more than meat. It goes beyond being a powerful salve for loneliness. Combined with the interpersonal joys of supreme acceptance, welcome, and appreciation is something more, a sort of supreme liberation; an expansive frontier for the self; a new mystery, a new world. For the introvert especially, whose introspection has exhausted itself, the discovery of an other mystery that makes itself open and welcoming is a cool drink in the desert. Now, mystery and wonder are given a face. Now, welcoming itself can take my hand in hers. Now, the faintest taste of the promises of salvation reach out of the darkness and shatter the boundary of my self from the outside. And yet only a taste--and one which is only a model, burdened as she is with her own impermanence, finitude, and (like me) corruption. Two closed systems cannot, by combining, save themselves from the law of entropy. But in meeting they give one-another a hint of the infinite openness available to them from beyond.

More on politics

I've never taken a class in political philosophy, but I would like to think that I am not completely unaware of the structure of politics or how the history of human thought has affected public and private human life. The absence of a formal background leaves me to flounder with abstract and non-standard terms, and I probably have significant blind-spots. That said, I know what I believe, and why, so it is relatively easy for me to explain why I vote for a particular candidate--or why voting is difficult in certain instances.

I took a "political compass" test to remind myself of where I stand. Here is the result:



By this chart alone, you would believe that I was left-middle economically, and socially very centrist. However this chart is uninformative on two counts. First, it presents the fallacy of the absolute middle. Any good postmodern thinker will recognize a certain arbitrariness to where the central lines are drawn, especially if the authors of the test do not reveal precise rationales.

Second, the chart falls into the fallacy of spectrum thinking. The validity of spectrum models itself lies on a spectrum, and I would suggest that that validity decreases the most sharply in proportion to the number of ideas and positions the authors attempt to represent in a single spectrum.

The first problem can be assuaged somewhat by presenting my dot in relative position to other dots. It so happens that the website provides for us a chart of famous figures, including, happily, Pope Benedict XVI:



It is perhaps not surprising that I am economically closely aligned with Pope Benedict, given that my strongest influence in this area is perhaps the Compendium of the Social Doctrine of the Church, which is unavoidably left-center in its basic values as regards a government's responsibility to preserve basic human rights. Also, perhaps the fact that I am more libertinist than the Pope reflects some Americanism on my part. Mea culpa.

However, even as such, the chart fails to provide meaningful information about what I believe and why. For example, no one could guess from this chart that, while I am relatively libertinist on many issues, I am relatively extremely authoritarian where sexual matters are concerned, as I am strongly opposed to fundamental doctrines of the sexual revolution. I think a basic, non-scientific empiricism exposes the strong link between private sexual misbehavior and the collapse of public pillars of civilization, which in turn has led to epidemics of mental illness, crime, drugs, general unhappiness and a drag on education, social intelligence, and culture.

Thus a look at my political standpoint will not be accurate until it is broken down into a hierarchical structure of values and disvalues. See if the following personal doctrines are consistent with the location of my "dot" on the spectrum above:

1. The theistic presumption. It is not necessary for an individual's moral framework that one believe in the Objective Ultimate as a metaphysical origin of Being and the ground of goodness as objective, universally binding, and thereby sanctioning a government's aligning itself toward the Good as a real yet mysterious truth. But the just state requires this presupposition as the linchpin of its existence and direction. Even were an atheist to be a head of the state, even as a dictator, the state fails its purpose unless the dictator presupposes his/her service to the Good as reality larger than the State and larger than him/herself, knowable (in part) by the full use of human reason, and Real. No just state, no matter the system of governance, can be founded in ideological relativism. All subsequent points flow from this theistic presumption.
   
   
   
   1. As against "atheizing" official documents and declarations of the United States, including the Constitution, Declaration of Independence, anthems, and the Pledge of Alleigance*.
      
      
      
      1. *Not requiring individuals, even heads of the state, to personally endorse theism.
         
      
      
   
   
2. The sanctity and dignity of the human individual life is based exclusively one's being, and not upon any contingent realities--whether age, stage of development, history, location, citizenship, gender, health, or state of mind.
   
   
   
   1. As absolutely against abortion, euthanasia*, capital punishment, embryonic experimentation, and cloning.
      
      
      
      1. *Not requiring "extraordinary treatment", i.e., artificial extension of the life of patients whose condition directly implies immanent and inevitable death, or whose burden is not proportional to the good of the patient, which is not first and foremost physical, but spiritual.
         
      
      
   2. As against the prioritizing of any organization, theory, program, entity, plan, abstract value, structure, national identity, or law over and against the sanctity and dignity of individual human life.
      
   3. As for actively and proportionately guarding and encouraging, with all available resources legitimately obtained, the dignity, safety, health, freedom, and (opportunities for) prosperity of each individual in our boundaries.
      
      
      
      1. As for the official recognition and public privilege of family (organized not only by interpersonal choices by also by common biology as represented in heterosexual monogamy) as a public fact, a natural and necessary element of human life, having vital direct consequences for the physical and mental health of individuals and the health of civilization.
         
         
         
         1. As against frivolous divorce, all forms of the "marriage tax", public recognition or privilege granted to unmarried or homosexual unions, and indoctrination by public or non-profit agencies in sexual license.
            
         2. As for a preference granted to homes organized by heterosexual monogamy (among other obvious requirements) for the adoption of (especially young) children.
            
         
         
      
      
   4. As against all coercion not necessary to fulfill the previous.
      
   5. As for the advancement of culture, thought, technology, and the whole human heritage--in a word, civilization.
      
   
   

Obviously this is not meant to be comprehensive. I wanted to highlight beliefs of mine which might be unusual and needed elaboration. But it shows something of the hierarchy of my political beliefs.

Good news in the computer world.

Recently, Microsoft issued a statement saying that they would continue the availability of XP Home for a class of computers they have dubbed "ULCPCs", or ultra low-cost PCs. What is great about this news is not so much that Windows XP has a new lease on life, but the official recognition of a new class of computers by Microsoft.

The presence, popularity, and recognition of ULCPCs marks the first time the PC industry has acknowledged what many people already knew: that computer technology advances have moved far beyond what most people need, and the inflation of hardware requirements for software is scarcely more than a ploy to keep computer prices high.

So now they have created a legitimate place for old hardware to reside as a class of its own. Now we can buy new computers with relatively old technology for a fraction of the cost of new computers, and what is more, they will be useful for 90% of what the top of the line computers are actually used for.

My only thought, then, is that while this can only be good for the market, I wonder what would happen if everyone "caught on" and saw the ULCPC as the only kind of computer that most people need. Has the industry unwittingly poked an unfixable hole in the illusion that computer hardware upgrades are in any sense "necessary"?

I hope so.

A game's story analysis

Lately, I have revisited a old video game published in 1998: "Final Fantasy Tactics". Recently, Square-Enix released a remake of the game for Sony's portable system, which includes a slight graphical face-lift, some extra features, but most importantly an improved translation of the story. The original game comes from a time when Square (a Japanese company) bought localization on the cheap, resulting in some of the most sadly hilarious "Engrish" foisted on American audiences.

But nevermind. One of the reasons I continue to play this ten-year-old game (besides being unable to afford newer ones) is that the story is a work of art. It has moral and spiritual implications worthy of a much more respected medium than it now occupies--moreso even than Square's other works, which are known for their headiness.

Here is a breakdown of the story. There is a 15th century-style kingdom called Ivalice; it's a confederation of competing duchies, all paying lip-service to unity and loyalty while still fighting for the biggest piece of the political pie.

You play Ramza, the youngest son of a noble warrior family who discovers gradually that the lofty ideals he was raised with have all but disappeared from a depraved post-war landscape. After a scrape with your duplicitous older brothers, you and your commoner-born best friend part ways. These two characters become emblems of two diverging struggles against the same overwhelming evil. By following two competing protagonists, the game is really examining the ancient question of how one lives well amid a time defined by corruption and cynicism.

In some ways, the story is simplistic--it is a game, after all. Although the story plays with the different shapes that evil can take, it rarely leaves a question as to which is which. At the beginning, the game tackles intolerance and arrogance in the shape of Algus, a platinum-blond-haired snot who tags along with your party until he becomes enemy #1 at the end of the first chapter.

But the real moral hub around which the story revolves is not equality (or equitable distribution of resources), nor peace, nor faith, nor many other issues which, in the end, wind up being red-herrings. Rather, the central issue becomes the question of honor and integrity, and the degree to which these are held (or compromised) in the pursuit of all the other goals.

Thus, while the game leaves no question as to who the "bad guy" is, it nevertheless gradually places ever loftier goals in the lips of those enemies. Thus you find yourself pitted against men and women fighting, now for equality, now for peace, now for even the right to live. The only common denominator in your opponents is their willingness to engage in self-contradiction as a means to achieve their ends.

This is the running theme up to a point. After a certain juncture, however, it becomes clear that there are now four distinct "camps" of morality. There is, of course, Ramza, who seems to have a very clear order of priorities: (1) his own honor and integrity; (2) the lives of those dear to him; (3) the honor and integrity of the ruling class; and lastly his own life. This makes Ramza a very simple and easy character to like.

Meanwhile, the game provides us with a camp that is very easy to hate: the "Lucavi", the demons who lurk behind the scenes of Ramza's other opposed parties. If Ramza is the only non-duplicitous good, they are the non-duplicitous evil, wholly unabashed in their love of suffering and death.

Of note is the story's implication that, though among human beings there is rarely pure evil, nevertheless even the most moderately selfish desires are a participation--a dipping of the toe--in supreme evil. Human beings in the game leave themselves open to the influence of (and possession by) devils in the degree that they allow their honor to be compromised. Notably, it is those with the greatest goals and the greatest genius who the devils choose to corrupt completely.

Between your honorable protagonist and the nefarious demons, however, there are yet two parties of note. The first, we might term the "pawns"--those who make up the vast majority of characters in the game, including most of the pitiable non-story characters you mow over from battle to battle. At one stage of the game, a lord tries to interfere in the greater struggle for personal gain; he is demolished by your enemies without you yourself even having to fight him. There is here expressed, I think, a commonly held disdain (held equally by those on the side of evil and righteousness) for those whose vision is so narrow that they can't help by be manipulated and tossed about by forces beyond their ken. There is even something vaguely scriptural in this sentiment--these are the luke warm, doomed to be spat out.

Yet I think it would be hasty to suggest that, by this story's reckoning, one must be a visionary to matter. On the contrary, it is an explicit part of Ramza's "honor code" that one should not need to be a "visionary"--to be privy to esoteric justifications for heinous evils--to have the right to live. Ramza has a moment of guilt after his troup is forced to kill, in self-defence, a band of desperate army deserters.

The key to the story's sense of justice, it seems, is that the more meager and beast-like one's motivations, the more likely one will fall into a meager category of people.

The last of these four "parties" is an individual: Delita, the commoner-born friend from the beginning of the story. Delita is a fascinating character study, and his presence in the story is what makes me sorry that it remains trapped in the obscurity of popular culture.

Delita is not as good a person as Ramza; that much is not left to question by the story. But neither is he sidelined into the ranks of your enemies or the pawns. Delita seems to be the writers' attempt to explore a question: is it really true that it is *always* wrong to lie, to assassinate, and to manipulate? What if one does so while having the breadth of vision to avoid being manipulated by others? What if one does so in only the subtlest of ways, so that history will declare them a righteous hero? What if one does so, at last, successfully toward the end of a peaceful, equal, righteous society?

It is in Delita that the story actually puts its own moralism to the test. It is as if the narrators are saying: "Yes, all of the 'bad guys' are falling at your feet. But here is someone who is not much different than they are; only he is your friend; he shares your goals; and he is supremely good at the bad things that he does. If he is successful, who could blame him?"

Most dramas, especially American-made dramas, obey strict laws of karma-inspired dramatic justice. The "bad guy" always loses. Even independent films are sometimes superficial in the way they try to contradict that tendency by sometimes letting the "bad guy" win.

This story goes a step further by challenging whether the "bad guy" is really bad, and but putting to question whether he has really "won" or "lost". At the end of the story, your own character disappears into obscurity, only to have his righteous deeds discovered in writing hundreds of years after his death. Delita, on the other hand, winds up the King of Ivalice--the ultimate "rags to riches" story; success in every sense of the word. And on top of it all, he is a really nice guy.

But the story, delightfully, takes even its own self-questioning to task. After the credits, King Delita's queen--the woman he fnagled onto the throne through intrigue and deception (and who he honestly loved)--attempted to kill him; and he, in turn, killed her. In a final moment of lucidity, he asks the wind, "Ramza, what did you get, on your end? I got this..."

[Little note: I recall reading in a 'fundamental theology' textbook that the deepest human desire is to be loved by the one I love. If that is true, Delita's fate here is all the more pathetic--to be murdered by the one he loved; and worse, to survive it, and so dwell on it.]

The grand finale puts a final, crowning twist on the game's thesis of the good life. Again it's final note is biblical: the wages of sin are death. There is an echo, too, of C.S. Lewis's "The Great Divorce" - there can be no felicitous marriage of good and evil; there can be no lasting harmony between the two. One cannot indefinitely escape the fruits of corruption, no matter how brilliant they are, how good their goals, or how successful their deceits.

The two diverging paths established early in the game end in two opposite ways: Ramza's life is only superficially tragic, though more deeply he achieves something like dramatic immortality. Delita's life is superficially sparkling, though his is the real tragedy.